Phytophthora has been rebuilt to fix security-related problems and to restore GIS tools. These tools allow users to visualize the geospatial, temporal, and environmental contexts of Phytophthora discoveries. The next phase is to update species information and add data derived from large-scale surveys. If you have suggestions and requests to make the database better, please contact Seogchan Kang (sxk55@psu.edu).
Genus wide phylogeny for Phytophthora using four mitochondrial loci (cox2, nad9, rps10 and secY; 2,373 nucleotides). Maximum likelihood branch lengths shown. Numbers on nodes represent bootstrap support values for maximum likelihood (top), maximum parsimony (middle) and Bayesian posterior probabilities as percentages (bottom). Nodes receiving significant support (>95%) in all analysis are marked with an asterisk (*). Scale bar indicates number of substitutions per site.(Martin, Blair and Coffey, unpublished).
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Phytophthora andina Adler & Flier 2010 (Oomycetes, Pythiales)
Notes: Validity of name uncertain. See type.
Distribution: South America.
Host: Solanaceae.
Supporting Literature:
Adler, A., Adler, N.E. , Erselius, L.J., Chacon, M.G. , Flier, W.G., Ordones, M.E., Kroon, L.P.N.M., and Forbes, G.A. 2004. Genetic diversity of Phytophthora infestans sensu lato in Ecuador provides new insight into the origin of this important plant pathogen. Phytopathology 94: 154-162.
Kroon, L.P.N.M., Bakker, F.T., van den Bosch, G.B.M., Bonants, P.J.M., and Flier, W.G. 2004. Phylogenetic analysis of Phytophthora species based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNS sequences. Fungal Genet. Biol. 41: 766-782.
Oliva, R.F., Kroon, L.P.N.M., Chacon, G., Flier, W.G., Ristaino, J.B., and Forbes, G.A. 2010. Phytophthora andina sp. nov., a newly identified heterothallic pathogen of solanaceous hosts in the Andean highlands. Pl. Pathol. 59: 613-625.
Updated on Feb 14, 2011
Phytophthora andina Adler & Flier was initially recovered from Ecuador from blighted Solanum spp. While similar in morphology to P. infestans, subsequence genetic analysis indicated were genetically distinct (Ordoñez et al. 2000). The species has a more restricted host range than P. infestans and was formally named P. andina by Oliva et al. (2010). This species is believed to be a hybrid between P. infestans and a yet unidentified clade 1C species (Gómez-Alpizar et al. 2008, Goss et al. 2011, Blair et al. 2012).
1. Sporangia
Sporangiophore aerial, on rye agar with compound-sympodial and intermediate branches, with swellings where sporangia emerge. Sporangium semipapillate, ellipsoid or semi-ovoid, caducous with short pedicel, on average 44.6 µm long (ranging from 39.5 to 62.5 µm), with a length ⁄ width ratio of 2.4 to 2.7, germinating directly with germ tubes or indirectly with 6–8 zoospores. Zoospores were released within 2 h from sporangia in water at 10° C, but zoospore release was also observed at 20° C on a few occasions.
2. Chlamydospores
Neither hyphal swellings nor chlamydospores were produced in culture.
3. Sex Organs
Isolates heterothallic. Antheridia amphigynous, average length 22.0 µm, ratio of length ⁄ width 1.4. Oogonia smooth-walled, average diameter 34.0–41.0 µm, with tapered base. Oospores smooth-walled, tinted yellow brown, almost filling the oogonial cavity, average diameter 31.0 µm.
4. Growth Temperatures
Minimum growth at approximately 5° C, optimum at 24° C and maximum at 30° C. On RA and PA P. andina grows with a radial colony expansion of 8–12 mm per day at 20° C.
5. Growth Characteristics in Culture
Mycelial colonies grow well on RA. Hyphae nonseptate and freely branching, hyphal diameter 4–8 µm, mostly 5.6 µm.
6. Distinguishing Characteristics
Phytophthora andina, P. mirabilis and P. infestans are morphologically similar in that they have a heterothallic mating system with amphigynous antheridia and produce large semipapillate sporangia on long sporangiophores. Unique features of P. andina (other than host range) are the EC-2 and EC-3 RFLP and AFLP fingerprints, heterozygosity in the ras intron 1 sequence, the Ic mtDNA haplotype and the Pep 76 allele.
P. andina has a narrower host range than P. infestans, with none of the isolates evaluated in Oliva et al. (2010) pathogenic on potato cv. Cruza 148, while some caused weak infections on cv. Yungay. Other solanaceous hosts, such as S. caripense and S. ochranthum, were fully resistant to the P. andina isolates tested. None of the isolates were pathogenic on S. muricatum.
In tree hosts (S. betaceum, S. quitoense and S. hispidum), P. andina causes similar but much larger leaf lesions to late blight on potato, with longer infectious periods. The pathogen also causes very serious stem infections on S. betaceum. Blight symptoms in general on the Andean solanaceous hosts appear to be defined more by the host than the pathogen. On the Anarrhichomenum hosts, which produce vine–like growth in the underbrush, disease symptoms are very much like late blight of potato or tomato. Detached-leaf inoculations in the laboratory indicated that P. andina can also infect and sporulate on leaves of wild or cultivated potatoes. In nature, however, the pathogen appears to have strong host preferences, and through a decade of isolation studies P. andina lesions were not found on potato or tomato plants (Adler et al., 2004; Oliva et al., 2007). However, there are solanaceous hosts which P. andina and P. infestans may co-infect
Adler, N. E., Erselius, L. J., Chacón, M. G., Flier, W. G., Ordoñez, M. E., Kroon, L. P. N. M., Forbes, G. A. 2004. Genetic diversity of Phytophthora infestans sensu lato in Ecuador provides new insight into the origin of this important plant pathogen. Phytopathology 94:154–62.
Blair, J. E., Coffey, M. D., Martin, F. N. 2012. Species Tree Estimation for the Late Blight Pathogen, Phytophthora infestans, and Close Relatives. PLoS ONE 7(5): e37003. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037003
Gómez-Alpizar, L., Hu, C.-H., Oliva, R., Forbes, G., Ristaino, J. B. 2008. Phylogenetic relationships of Phytophthora andina, a new species from the highlands of Ecuador that is closely related to the Irish potato famine pathogen Phytophthora infestans. Mycologia 100: 590–602.
Goss, E. M., Cardenas, M. E., Myers, K., Forbes, G. A., Fry, W. E., Restrepo, S. and Grünwald, N. J.
2011. The Plant Pathogen Phytophthora andina Emerged via Hybridization of an Unknown Phytophthora Species and the Irish Potato Famine Pathogen, P. infestans. PLoS ONE 6(9): e24543. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024543
Oliva, R. F., Chaco´n, M. G., Cooke, D. E. L., Lees, A. K., Forbes, G. A., 2007. Is Phytophthora infestans a good taxonomist? Host recognition and co-evolution in the Phytophthora ⁄ Solanum interaction. Acta Horticulturae 745:465–71.
Oliva, R. F., Kroon, L. P. N. M., Chacón, G., Flier. W. G., Ristaino, J. B. and Forbes, G. A. 2010. Phytophthora andina sp. nov., a newly identified heterothallic pathogen of solanaceous hosts in the Andean highlands. Plant Pathology 59: 613–625.
Ordoñez, M. E., Hohl, H. R., Velasco, J. A., Ramon, M. P., Oyarzun, . P.J, Smart, C. D., Fry, W. E., Forbes, G. A., Erselius, L. J. 2000. A novel population of Phytophthora, similar to P. infestans, attacks wild Solanum species in Ecuador. Phytopathology 90: 197–202.
Nomenclature information was provided by the the Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory in USDA-ARS. This species pages was adapted from Oliva et al. (2010).
Isolate list