Phytophthora has been rebuilt to fix security-related problems and to restore GIS tools. These tools allow users to visualize the geospatial, temporal, and environmental contexts of Phytophthora discoveries. The next phase is to update species information and add data derived from large-scale surveys. If you have suggestions and requests to make the database better, please contact Seogchan Kang (sxk55@psu.edu).
Genus wide phylogeny for Phytophthora using four mitochondrial loci (cox2, nad9, rps10 and secY; 2,373 nucleotides). Maximum likelihood branch lengths shown. Numbers on nodes represent bootstrap support values for maximum likelihood (top), maximum parsimony (middle) and Bayesian posterior probabilities as percentages (bottom). Nodes receiving significant support (>95%) in all analysis are marked with an asterisk (*). Scale bar indicates number of substitutions per site.(Martin, Blair and Coffey, unpublished).
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Phytophthora parsiana Mostowfizadeh, D.E. Cooke & Banihashemi is a clade 9 species phylogenetically related to P. insolita and P. polonica.
1. Sporangia
Sporangiophores simple and unbranched, rarely sympodial. Sporangia not produced on solid media but formed in liquid culture, terminal, with internal proliferation (nesting), persistent (non-caducous), non-papillate on average 47 X 29.3 µm (range 25–83 X 12–58 µm) length:breadth ratio on average 1.6 (range 1.4–1.8), ellipsoid to obpyriform rarely with distorted shapes, often tapered base, sporangial apical pores on average 8.5 µm (range 7–11 µm)(Fig1 A-D).
2. Chlamydospores
Chlamydospores thin walled (average wall diameter ca 1.5 µm) present in some isolates with mean diameter ranging from 27–37.5 µm (Fig1 E).
3. Sex Organs
Heterothallic or sterile, classic heterothallics or sterile and could not produce or induce any sexual organs. Oogonia not ornamented in culture, spherical, tapered base, average diameter 27.6 µm (range 13–40 µm). Oospores smooth, spherical, plerotic to aplerotic, average diameter 25.2 µm (range 13–40 mm), wall on average 3.3 µm thick (range 2–5 µm)(Fig1 H,I). Antheridia single, terminal, amphigynous, spherical, average width 11.7 µm (range 7.7–19.2 µm).
4. Growth Temperatures
Growth on CMA between 10–37° C with optimum at 30° C, optimum rate of growth on average 8mm/day.
5. Growth Characteristics in Culture
Colonies with complex patterns on almost all agar media, especially CMA (rose-shaped to chrysanthemum) with uniform morphology in some cases and particularly on hempseed agar (Fig2). Hyphae hyaline, normally nonseptate, 5 µm wide, with botryose to globose hyphal swellings both on agar and in water (Fig1 F,G).
6. Distinguishing Characteristics
P. parsiana isolates produce colonies with complex patterns on almost all different types of agar media. Hyphae normally contain abundant, aggregate, botryose to globose hyphal swellings both on agar and in water. Sporangia are non-papillate, persistent (non-caducous), with notable apical pores, which proliferate internally (nesting). Heterothallic or sterile mating systems are observed among isolates. Oospores are plerotic to aplerotic with amphigynous antheridia attached on the base of oospores. Morphological characters of this species indicated some overlaps with high-temperature tolerant Phytophthora species of ITS clades 6, 7 and 8. The majority of the species in ITS clades 6–8 sensu Cooke et al. (2000), are soil-borne, producing non-papillate, noncaducous and proliferating sporangia, and in some cases, are high-temperature tolerant; thus P. parsiana could easily be mistaken for one of these species. Most of the P. parisana isolates were initially misidentified as ‘high-temperature P. cryptogea’ based on sporangial morphology and the high upper temperature limit for growth, which was more than 35° C.
Isolated from the crowns of Ficus carica (Iran, Fig3, 4, and 5), Pistacia vera crowns, branches and surrounding soil (Iran and USA), and Prunus dulcis (Greece). Other hosts (artificially inoculated) include Pistacia khinjuk, Pistacia mutica, Malus pumila, Prunus armeniaca, Prunus dulcis var. fragilis, Carica papaya, Mangifera indica, Platanus orientalis, and Juglans regia.
Cooke, D. E. L,, Drenth, A., Duncan, J. M., Wagels, G., Brasier, C. M., 2000. A molecular phylogeny of Phytophthora and related oomycetes. Fungal Genetics and Biology 30: 17–32.
Mostowfizadeh-Ghalamfarsa, R., Cooke, D. E. L, Banihashemi, Z. 2008. Phytophthora parsiana sp. nov., a new high-temperature tolerant species. Mycological Res. 112: 783-794.
The species page was adapted from Mostowfizadeh-Ghalamfarsa et al. (2008) and the contribution of Dr. Reza Mostowfizadeh Ghalamfarsa in providing additional text and Drs. Mostowfizadeh Ghalamfarsa and Z. Banihashemi for providing images are gratefully acknowledged.
Isolate list